2015年职称英语教材理工类概括大意试题

Soot and Sow：a Hot Combination

1　New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.

2　Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun’s energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.

3　Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. “This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier, said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.

4　Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo(solar energy reflected back to space)，which1 may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.

5　“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon2，” Hansen said. Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world’s climate. “This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global wanning as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude, Hansen noted.

6　Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.3 Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest4 of this century.

7　The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers’ climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover5 and sufficient sunlight.

　　词汇：

soot n.煤烟，煤灰　　emission n.释放，散发，排放

simulation n.模拟　　latitude n.纬度　　glacier n.冰川，冰河

albedo n.反照率　　permafrost n.永冻层　　forcing n.温室作用

dioxide n.二氧化物　　magnitude n.量，大小

　　注释：

h指代albedo。

heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon：相当于thus heating the snow surface more than(heating the snow surface)if there were no black carbon。

3.... the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century：“that greenhouse gases ... during the past century”是同位语从句，表达fact的内容。

rest：剩余部分

cover：雪的覆盖层

　　练习：

graph 3 ________

graph 4 ________

graph 6 ________

graph 7 ________

A　Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere

B　Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C　Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D　Effort to Reduce Snow Albedo

E　Ways to Reduce Soot Emission

F　Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

the twentieth century, soot ________.

en cautioned that greenhouse gases ________.

k soot covered snow and ice ________.

8.A soot forcing is unusually effective, which ________.

A　produces much more global wanning than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude

B　continued to 25 percent of observed global warming

C　can produce greenhouse gases

D　absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background

E　still surpass soot in warming the world’s climate during the last centry

F　can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

　　答案与题解：

1.C　第三段解释了为什么soot会增加地球升温效应。

2.A　第四段介绍了soot在两方面起的作用：(1)soot增加了雪吸收太阳能量和热量的能力;(2)soot导致海洋和陆地上空的大气层发生变化。

3.F　第六段的关键句子是：“... greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”

4.B　第七段介绍了在研究北半球的纬度、雪覆盖面和日照诸因素与气温升高之间的关系方面取得的成果。

5.B　选择B的依据是第一段。有关的句子是：“... black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.”选项B中用了过去式contributed，也是选B的一个线索，因为第五题的题干中有in the twentieth century，这个时间状语要求谓语动词用过去式，而4个选项中只有B项的动词用的是过去式。

6.E　Hansen cautioned和greenhouse gases仅出现在第六段。该段的大意是：虽然煤烟在改变全球气候方面所起的作用相当显著，但是上个世纪气温上升的主要因素还是温室气体。选项E概括了第六段的意思。

7.D　本题答案的依据是第二段第一句。

8.A　本题答案的依据是第五段的下列句子：Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world’s climate. “This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude，” Hansen noted.

译文：煤灰与白雪：“火热"的组合

美国国家航空航天局的科学家的一项新调查显示，黑色煤烟的排放改变了冰雪对阳光的.反射。依据电脑模拟，上世纪观测到的的全球变暖有25%是黑煤灰引起的。

地球高纬地区冰雪覆盖，那里的煤灰比白色的冰面吸收了更多的太阳热能。因为深黑色的炭或煤灰吸收太阳光，而浅色的冰面则反射阳光。

冰雪地区的煤灰对气候变化可能起着至关重要的作用。而且一旦覆盖大地的冰雪开始融化，煤灰就会更加固着于冰面，从而加剧温室效应。“冰山、冰块一融化，就会变得更脏，”James Hansen博士，一位来自纽约美国国家航空和航天局的Goddard太空研究所的研究人员如此说。

Hansen发现，煤灰对冰雪反射率的影响，可能正是促使北半球春季提早的原因，引起北冰洋冰层变薄，冰山及冻土雪原融化。据信煤灰对海洋和陆地上空大气层的变化也有一定影响。

“黑炭减少了冰雪反射回太空的能量，比没有炭灰的条件下更强烈地加热冰面。”Hansen说。煤灰对太阳热能的大量吸收是全球气候变暖的重要因素。Hansen指出，“这种温室作用特别显著，是同量二氧化碳强度的两倍。”

Hansen又提醒说，尽管煤灰对全球气候变化的作用重大，但这并不能改变一个事实：温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因，而且它们还将是塑造本世纪气候的主力。

研究人员发现北半球观测到的变暖现象大多发生在中高纬地区的冬春两季。这样的观测结果与气象模拟实验相吻合，表明部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和阳光强烈的时期。