浅谈定语从句与名词性从句要一致

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浅谈定语从句与名词性从句的主谓一致

浅谈定语从句与名词性从句要一致

主谓一致就是指在英语句子中,主语和谓语在人称和数的方面应保持一致。很多学生对于英语的主谓一致了解不深,对定语从句和

名词性从句的主谓一致了解得更少,因此很容易犯错误。下面就对这一问题进行探讨。

一、定语从句的主谓一致

一般来讲,定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。例如:

1.I am not one who is afraid of difficulty.我是个不怕困难的人。

2.Don't choose me,who am not qualified for this job.不要选我,我不适合做这项工作。

3.Anyone who has questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon.有问题要问的人,今天下午到我办公室来。

另外,关于定语从句的先行词,one of后常接复数名词,在非正式的英语口语中,有时甚至在一些很正规的文体中,动词的数不是与先行词保持一致,而是与 one相一致,这是因为说话者或写作者首先想到的是one,而不是one后面真正的先行词。例如:

4.That is one of the most valuable dictionaries that has appeared in recent years.那本词典是近几年来所见到的最有价值的词典之一。

5.Buenos Aires is one of the world capitals thatis noted for its busy harbor.布宜诺斯艾利斯是一个以其海港的热闹而闻名的国家首都。

第5句中的is不能改成are。这点很好理解,因为用are就意味着世界上所有国家的首都都以海港热闹而出名,这是不符合实际的。

当one前面有the only等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词也要与 one保持一致而取单数形式。例如:

6.He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job.他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。

二、名词性从句的主谓一致

主语是名词性从句(常用what,whatever,when,where,why ,how,that,whether等引导放在句首)时,动词通常用单数形式。例如:

1.What I am most interested in is American movies.我最感兴趣的是美国电影。

2.Whatever he says is of no importance.无论他说什么都不重要。

3.Whoever says that is wrong.无论谁说这话都不对。

4.That he will come is certain.他肯定会来。

5.Why he is late for class is more than I can tell.为什么他上课迟到,我也说不上来。

但在下面的句子中谓语动词要用复数形式,因为主语从句中的动词是复数,所以主语从句应当作复数看待。例如:

6.Who are going to attend the meeting have been decided by the manager.哪些人去参加会议,已由经理做出了决定。

7.Whoever say that are to be punished.谁这样讲,就惩罚谁。

由此可见,名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数,不可一概而论,而要视句子的意义而定。学习时只有灵活处理,才能真正把主谓一致这个语法项目融会贯通。

限制与非限制定语从句讲解

一、在句中作用不同

限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。

非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。

二、外在表现形式不同

限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English?

你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?

例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.

钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。

例 3. This is the place where he used to live.

这就是他过去居住的地方。

例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.

张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。

例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.

我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。

析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

三、先行词内容有所不同

大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。

例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.

一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧

析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。

例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.

一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。

析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。

四、关系词的使用情况有所不同

(一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句

所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。

例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。

误: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.

正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.

例 2. 他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。

误: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.

正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.

值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who , which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when , where 引导非限制性定语从句。

例 1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.

我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。

例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.

他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。

(二)关系代词替代情况不同

关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。

例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.

这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。

析:先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom .

例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.

一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。

析:先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用 who 代替 whom .

在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用 that 代替 who/whom .

例:她有一个姐姐,她是教师。

误: She has a sister, that is a teacher.

正: She has a sister, who is teacher.

(三)关系代词省略情况不同

关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。

例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.

这就是他昨天丢的那本书。

析:先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。

例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.

他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。

析:先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 不可省。

[实战演练]

1. She heard a terrible noise, _________ brought her heart into her mouth.

A. it B. which C. this D. that

2. Have you ever been to Xi'an, _________ I left ten years ago.

A. which B. whose C. that D. /

3. The weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.

A. what B. which C. that D. it

4. His English, ________ used to be very poor is now excellent.

A. which B. that C. it D . whom

5. Some of the roads were flooded, __________ makes o

ur journey more difficult.

A. that B. it C. which D. who

6. I'll find a nice girl, _________ I want to marry.

A. who B. whom C. that D. which

7. I'll come at ten, ________ I'll be free.

A. which B. that C. when D. what

8. She has two brothers, _________ are teachers.

A. who B. that C. whom D. /

9. Which answer is NOT true?

This is the factory ________ I visited yesterday.

A. that B. which C. / D. where

10. I still remember the days _________ I spent in Beijing.

A. when B. what C. that D. during

Key:

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C

6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C

薄冰英语语法 第十六章 句子的类型(8-9)

16.8 定语从句

用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。定语从句通常皆置于它所修饰的名词(或代词)之后,这种名词(或代词)叫做先行词(antecedent)。引导宾语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。如:

(1)The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的那个学生是约翰。(who answered the question是关系代词who引导的定语从句,用以修饰who先行词student,who在从句中用作主语)

(2)I know the reason why he was so angry. 我知道他这么生气的原由。(why he was so angry是关系副词引导的定语从句,用以修饰why的先行词reason,why在从句中用作原因状语)

定语从句一般紧跟其先行词之后。如:

(3)The room which served for studio was bare and dusty. 这个用作工作室的房间空荡荡的,布满灰尘。(关系代词which引导的定语从句紧跟其先行词room之后)

有时亦可与先行词分离。如:

(4)A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新教师教你们德语了。(关系代词who引导的定语从句与其先行词master分离)

1)用作关联词的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which等。who,whom,whose指人,who是主格,在从句中用作主语(在非正式英语中亦可用作宾语);whom是宾格,在从句中用作宾语;whose是属格,在从句中用作定语(有时亦可指物)。如:

(5)The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 昨天在这里的那个人是位画家。(主格关系代词who在从句中用作主语)

(6)The man who I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。(在非正式英语中who 代替了whom,亦可省去不用)

(7)I know the man whom you mean. 我认识你指的那个人。(宾语关系代词whom在从句中用作宾语)

(8)A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 失去父母的孩子叫做孤儿。(属格关系代词whose在从句中用作定语,指人)

(9)I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。(属格关系代词whose在从句中用作定语,指room,可代之以of which,但后者较为正式)

that在从句中既可用作主语,亦可用作宾语(在非正式文体中可省去);既可指人,亦可指物,介在当代英语中多指物。如:

(10)A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read. 用铅笔写的信很难读。(关系代词that在从句中用作主语,指物)

(11)The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important. 昨天他来的信很重要。(关系代词that在从句中用作宾语,指物)

(12)Is he the man that sells eggs? 他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗?(关系代词that在从句中用作主语,指人)

(13)This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages. 这就是那本有多种译本的书。(关系代词which在从句中用作主语)

(14)Where is the book which I bought this morning? 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿?(关系代词which在从句中用作宾语,可省去)

which在从句中亦可用作定语和表语。如:

(15)We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我们叫他去看医生,他听取了我们的劝告。(关系代词which在从句中用作定语)

(16)The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were. 那两个警察完全受到信任,事实上真是如此。(关系代词which在从句中用作表语)

as,than,but亦可用作关系代词。如:

(17)The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand. 两兄弟对这个决定都满意,它事先已经他们同意了。(关系代词as在从句中用作主语,其先行词是this decision)

(18)He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 他是个外国人,我是从他的口音知道的。(关系代词as在从句中用作宾语,其先行词是前面的整个句子)

(19)I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(关系代词as与指示代词such连用,在从句中用作宾语,其先行词是such stories)

(20)Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 她对他的态度同她惯常的态度完全一样。(关系代词as与指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,其先行词是same)

(21)You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花的钱超过了预定的数额。(关系代词than在从句中用作主语,其先行词是money)

(22)There are very few but admire his talents. 很少人不赞赏他的才干的。(关系代词but在从句中用作主语,其先行词是few,but=who don’t)

关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词既可置于从句之首,亦可置于从句之末。但以置于从句之首较为正式。如:

(23)This is the book for which you asked. 这是你所要的书。(关系代词用作介词for宾语,之首,即which之前)

(24)This is the book which you asked for. 这是你所要的书。(介词for置于从句之末,which在此可省去)

关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词须置于句末。如:

(25)The people you were talking to are Swedes. 你与之谈话的那些人是瑞典人。(关系代词主格who用作介词to宾语时,介词to须置于从句之末,who中口语中可省去)

(26)Here is the car that I told you about. 这儿就是我和你谈过的那辆汽车。(关系代词that用作介词about宾语,介词about须置于从句之末)

有时从句还有其它成分,介词则置于从句之中。如:

(27)This is the boy who he worked with in the office. 那就是与他一道办公的那个男孩。

先行词指人时,关系代词既可用who,亦可用that。但关系代词在从句之中用作主语时,多用主格who。如:

(28)Persons who are quarrelsome are despised. 好争吵者遭轻视。(除外persons,还有people,those,等皆多用who)

(29)All who heard the story were amazed. 听到这个故事的人都感到吃惊。(代词如he,they,any,all,one等之后多用who)

(30)I will pardon him who is honest. 我愿意宽恕他,他是诚实的。(描述性定语从句用who)

(31)I think it is you who should prove to me. 我认为是你应该向我提出证据。(在强调结构中多用who,who在此可省去)

(32)Who is not for us is against us. 谁不赞成我们就是反对我们。(缩合连接代词who为可代之以that)

在下列一些情况中则多用that。如:

(33)He was the man that the bottle fell on. 他就是瓶子落在其身上的那个人。(此处常用that作宾语指人,亦可用whom)

(34)He is a man that is never at a loss. 他是一个从未一筹莫展的人。(that常用于泛指人)

(35)He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 我望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。(兼指人与物时须用that)

(36)Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他?(避免与先行词who重复时应用that)

(37)That’s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday. 这个与前天求援的是同一个人。(先行词前有指示代词same时应用that)

(38)He is not that man that he was. 他已不是过去的他了。(that常用作表语)

(39)I knew her father for the simplest, hardest working man that ever drew the breath of life. 我早知她的父亲是一个世上最简朴最努力工作的人。(先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only等词时应用that)

先行词指物时,关系代词that与which往往可以互换。但在下列情况中多用that。如:

(40)All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的东西不都是金子。(不定代词包括复合词something等多后接that)

(41)It was the largest map that I ever saw. 那是我所看见过的最大的地图。(前有形容词最高级等的先行词之后多用that)

(42)It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life. 是解放给他的生活带来了彻底的改变。(强调结构用that)

(43)There is a house that has bay windows. 有一栋房子有凸出的窗户。(that在此表固有的特点)

(44)The distance that you are from home is immaterial. 你离家的距离是不足道的。(在限制性定语从句中关系代词用作表语应用that,在描述性定语从句中则应用which)

(45)Which was the hotel that was recommended to you? 哪一个是推荐给你的旅馆?(这里用that显然是为了避免重复which)

在下列情况中则多用which。如:

(46)Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. 拉里把我在书本开关叙述过的那个关于一个青年飞行员的故事讲给她听。(离先行词较远时常用which)

(47)A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 商店应存在最畅销的货物。(“those+复形名词”之后多用which)

(48)I have that which you gave me. 我有你给我的那个。(which比较正式,在非正式英语中也可用that)

(49)Beijing, which was China’s capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京曾是八百多年的中国首都,有很丰富的历史文物。(描述性定语从句一般皆用which)

(50)This is the one of which I’m speaking. 这就是我所讲的那个。(介词之后须用which)

2)用作关联词的关系副词有when,where,why等。when在从句中用作时间状语,其先行词须是表时间的名词。如:

(51)We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们打算把野餐推迟到下周,那时天气可能转好。(关系副词when的先行词是next week)

(52)He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时我出去了。(关系副词when的先行词是last night)

since,before,after亦可用作表时间的关系副词。如:

(53)Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable. 我来之后的每一个小时都是非常好玩的。(since用作关系副词)

(54)On the day before we left home there came a snowstorm. 在我们离家的前一天,下了一场暴风雪。(before用作关系副词)

(55)The year after she had finished college she spent abroad. 她大学毕业后的一年是在国外度过的。(after用作关系副词)

that有时亦可用作表时间的关系副词。如:

(56)It happened on the day that I was born. 那件事是在我出生的那一天发生的。(that=when)

where在从句中用作地点状语,其先行词须是表地点的名词。如:

(57)They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen’s “The Doll’s house”. 他们去皇家剧院看了易卜生的《傀儡家庭》

(58)The place where Macbeth met the witches was a desolate heath. 麦克白遇见女巫的地方是一片荒原。

where的先行词亦可是有地点含义的抽象名词。如:

(59)He has reached the point where a change is needed. 他已到了需要改弦易辙的地步。(where的先行词point是抽象名词)

why在从句中用作原因状语,其先行词只有reason。如:

(60)That is no reason why you should leave. 那不是你必须离开的原因。(why先行词是reason)

(61)He refused to disclose the reason why he did it. 他拒绝透露他做那件事的原因。(why先行词是reason)

有时why可以省去。如:

(62)That’s one of the reasons I asked you to come. 那是我要你来的原因之一。(reasons后省去why)

有时why可用that代替。如:

(63)The reason that he died was lack of medical care. 他死于缺乏医疗。(why由that代替)

3)定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与描述性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,对它有限制作用。因此不可缺少,否则会影响全句的意义。限制性定语从句前一般不用逗号。如:

(64)What is the name of the boy who brought us the letter? 给我们带信的那个男孩叫什么名字?

(65)There is much which will be unpleasing to the English reader. 有许多东西将会使英国读者不愉快。

(66)The teacher told us that Tom was the only person that was reliable. 老师告诉我们,汤姆是惟一可依赖的人。

(67)I shall never forget the day when we first met in the park. 我永远不会忘记我们在公园相见的那一天。

(68)Is there a shop around where we can get fruit? 附近有可以买到水果的商店吗?

(69)Do you know the reason why I came late? 你知道我迟到的原故吗?

描述性定语从句又称作非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)。描述性定语从句只与先行词有一种松散的修饰关系,在口语中用停顿的方法表示,在书面语中用逗号分开。因此从句中的`关系代词不能省略。that一般不引导描述性定语从句。如:

(70)I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow. 我喜欢与约翰交谈,他是个聪明人。

(71)Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。

(72)Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years. 我又一次来到了波士顿,我有十年没有到这里来了。

描述性定语从句形式上是从句,其功能实质上相当于一个分句。如:

(73)Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。(who实际上=and she)

(74)When he was seventeen he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied mathematics and physics. 他17岁时,到瑞士苏黎世一专科学校上学,他在那里学习数学和物理学。(where=and there)

有时描述性定语从句的含义相当于一个状语从句。如:

(75)We don’t like the room, which is cold. 我们不喜欢那个房间,它很冷。(which is cold=since it is cold)

(76)He said he was busy, which was untrue. 他说他很忙,其实不然。(which was untrue=though it was untrue)

(77)I want him, who knows some English. 我要他,他懂得些英语。(who knows some English=for he knows some English)

16.9 同位语从句

用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句(appositive clause)。同位语从句其形式与定语从句相似。二者之前都有先行词,但与先行词的关系不同:同位语从句与先行词同位或等同,定语从句则与先行词是修饰关系。同位语从句的先行词多为fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark等,关联词多用连词that。如:

(1)They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。(先行词是fact)

(2)Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来?(先行词是idea)

(3)Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。

(4)“There is a real danger that Oxford will not retain its world position,” said Dr Brian Smith. “现在牛津大学有保不住它的世界地位的实际危险,”布莱恩?史密斯博士说。(先行词是danger)

关联词that在非正式文体中可省去。如:

(5)He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱,给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。(同位语从句he was boarding the Tokyo plane省去了关联词that)

同位语从句偶尔由连词whether引导。如:

(6)He was again tortured by the doubt whether or not he might venture to meet Antonia at the station. 他再次为他是否可冒味去车站接安东尼娅这种疑虑所折磨。

疑问代词who,which,what和疑问副词where,when,why,how亦可引导同位语从句。如:

(7)The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。(疑问代词who引导同位语从句)

(8)We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度假,这个问题我们还没有决定。(疑问副词where引导同位语从句)

(9)It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。(疑问副词how引导同位语从句)

同位语从句一般紧跟其先行词之后,但有时亦可与先行词分开,置于句末。如:

(10)The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule be adopted. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。

英语定语从句的注意点有哪些

英语定语从句的注意点有哪些?

在英文中,有两种定语从句:限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别:

限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏,对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉,会影响句子意思的完整性;有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如:

Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .

为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展,热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。

Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.

洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。

They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.

他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。

非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散,它与主句之间有一个逗点","隔开;它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用,只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉,也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因,非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外,非限定性定语从句在中文译文里,我们往往将其作为一个分句处理,而不把它作定语翻译。 例如:Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .

(此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。)

更早之前,巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图,但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。

The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .

(此句中,三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词:satellites ,computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句,那么句子可简化为:

The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .)卫星能传输信息,计算机能储存信息,电视能显示信息,把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。

The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .(此句中,非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情)。太阳给予大地热,这就使植物的生长成为可能。

The old man has a son , who is in the army .(此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是:"这位老人只有一个儿子" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句:

The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么,限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来,句子所传达的信息就变成了:"这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作,还有其他的儿子在干别的工作"。)那位老人有一个儿子,他在部队工作。

限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别

a) 非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,朗读时先行词部分一般用降调并稍做

停顿,书写的时候多半用逗号分开。

b) 非限定性定语从句能够修饰整个句子,限定性定语从句则不能。

c) 非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句的含义不一样,限定性定语从句是确指,而非

限定性定语从句是泛指。

d) 先行词为专有名词或者具有特指对象的名词时,一般要用到非限制性定语从句。

e) 在非限定性定语从句中,现行词指人的时候,关系代词只能是who,whom,不能用

that;先行词指物的时候,关系代词只能用which, 不能用that。

定语从句中关系词的确定

定语从句中关系词的确定

关于定语从句的选择方法,我给它起个名字叫: 代入法.

我们首先要明确几点:

1)定语从句的定义和形式:定语从句是一个句子对一个名词或代词起限定或补充说明的句子. 我们把限定名词或代词,使其语意范围缩小的定语从句叫限制性定语从句.

如:The student who lost his book yesterday cried. 丢书的那个学生,这样句子who lost his book yesterday就把学生的范围限定了一下,具体到了某一个学生.我们把都前面名词和代词起补充说明的定语从句叫非限制性定语从句.

如 : Jack, who lost his book yesterday,cried.这里的从句并没有把限定到哪个Jack , 只是附加说明了有关Jack的一件事情.

2) 我们必须清楚的是定语从句和先行词语意是有关联的,也就是说定语从句是说和先行词有关系的一句话. 形式上怎么关联呢? 先行词必须,一定要作从句里面一成分. 明了这一点,我们就用代入法了.

选择关系词,第一要尝试把先行词放入到从句中.这时有三种可能.

一是先行词充当从句的主要成分即:主语,宾语或者表语.

二是先行词充当状语.

三是充当定语.

有同学说 老师啊,我句子成分好象分不清哦. 还有一部分这样的同学.如果这样,你找从句中的动词和介词能找到吗?如果能也可以. 也就是找到动词 , 尝试把先行词放到动词的前面或者后面,或者介词的后面,可以放入的话,就是能做主,宾,表了. 这时我们可以确定这里需要一个代词了.因为代词可以做主宾表的. 定语从句和单句不同的是,它要求用的是关系代词,不是人称代词.所以我们要用关系代词.用哪个啊,关系代词代替的是先行词,所以要看先行词是哪个来确定了. 这里分两类:

一是先行词是人,那我们用who, whom, that .这里注意的whom 是who 的宾格形式,即放动词介词后作宾语可以用whom.但是在现代英语和口语中有who 代替whom. That,可以代替who,也可以代替whom. 另外在先行词在从句中作宾语时,可以省掉关系词.

例如: The person who/that visited him is his brother.

The person (who/whom/that) he visited is his brother.

二是先行词是物( 不是人),可以作从句的主宾表的话,我们用的关系代词是which 或者that.一般都可以的.

例如: The factory (that/which )he visited is very big.

The factory which/ that produces toys here is very big.

但定语从句中有些限制情况,只用that ,只用which, 和只用who , 只用whom 的情况都有,这需要特别注意一下了.

如果先行词放入从句中不能放在动词的前后,或介词的后面,即从句不需要主宾表,这时我们就用先行词作从句中的状语了. 这时考虑,副词和介词短语可以作状语的.但定语从句中要用的是关系副词, 和介词+关系代词. 到底用哪个? 还要看先行词定了. 先行词是时间,我们会用到when ,是地点会用到where, 是reason ,我们用why , 是way,我们用that( that在way 后充当了关系副词) 因为介词短语可以和副词一样作状语的,所以这些关系副词都有介词+关系代词替换的情况了.

例如: The year when/ in which he studied abroad was 1997.

The factory wherein which he works is big.

The farm where/ on which he works is big.

I don’t accept the reason why / for which he was late.

You can do it in the way (that / in which I did.)

具体选用哪个介词,要看介词的搭配了, 所以我们平时注意关注介词的搭配很重要的.

如果先行词充当从句中一个名词的定语,无论先行词是人还是物,我们一律用whose.

如: The student whose book is lost is crying.

The book whose cover is lost is mine.

The student whose book I borrowed yesterday hasn't come.

这里注意可以看成whose + 名词 一起引导了定语从句. whose 表达的意思是:先行词的. whose 就相当于一个物主代词使用.因为表达所有除了物主代词也可以用of 所有格,所以whose +名词,可以替代为the+名词+ of which/ who 的形式. 上面句子可以改为:The student of whom the book/ the book of whom is lost is book of which the cover / the cover of which is lost is mine. 注意名词可以放到of which, of whom 的前面也可以后面.

关系副词引导的定语从句

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略,再把were, should或had 移到从句句首,实行倒装。

Were they here now, they could help us.

=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him

=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

注意:

在虚拟语气的从句中,动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were",不用was, 即在从句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him.

如果我是你,就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right.

如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。

典型例题

_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前, 变成 were,

should, had +主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动

词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.

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